QCA Qualification Accreditation Number: 100/2412/8

Learning outcome

Underpinning knowledge

Students will be able to:

Understand and explain the functions of the skeletal system

• Support framework • Provides attachments for muscles • Forms joints to provide movement •Forms erythrocytes in the bone marrow• Stores calcium • Protection

Understand and explain the structure of bone tissues

• Compact • Cancellous

Understand and explain the types of bone

♦ Give examples of where in the body they would be found

Understand and explain the position of the bones of the skeleton

• Metatarsals • Phalanges

Understand and explain different types of joints

• Hinge • Pivot • Gliding • Saddle

Understand, recognise and give possible causes of postural deformities

• Kyphosis • Lordosis • Scoliosis

Understand the different fractures and their causes

• Complicated

Understand, explain and recognise the symptoms, causes and effects of the following diseases and disorders of the skeletal system:

QCA Qualification Accreditation Number: 100/2412/8

Learning outcome

Underpinning knowledge

Understand and explain the structure and function of the different types of muscle with examples

• Voluntary • Involuntary • Cardiac

Understand and explain the structure and function of the various attachments of muscles:

• Ligament • Tendon • Fascia

Understand and explain the terms in relation to the muscular system

• Pronation • Dorsiflexion • Plantarflexion

Understand and explain muscular contraction

• How a muscle works • How it provides movement • How a muscle knows when to contract • The source of energy to create a contraction • Different stages of contraction, i.e. tone and relaxation • Over contraction, i.e. causes of muscle tension and muscle fatigue

Understand and explain the formation of lactic acid

• Cause and effect

Understand and explain the position (with the aid of diagrams) and action of the following muscles

• Deltoid

Understand and explain the cause and effect of the following muscular conditions:

• Stress

QCA Qualification Accreditation Number: 100/2412/8

Learning outcome

Underpinning knowledge

Understand and explain (with the aid of a diagram) the position and function of the following parts of the skin:

♦ Subcutaneous layer

Understand and explain the functions of the skin

• Keratinisation • Melanin Formation

Understand, explain and recognise skin types

• Dry • Oily • Dehydrated • Sensitive • Combination

Understand and explain skin diseases and disorders and when they are contraindicated to treatment

• Allergic reaction • Comedones • Milia

Understand the different skin cancers and their possible causes

• Basal Cell Carcinoma • Squamous Cell Carcinoma • Malignant Melanoma

QCA Qualification Accreditation Number: 100/2412/8

Learning outcome

Underpinning knowledge

Understand and explain (with the aid of a diagram) the structures of the cell and their function

• Centromere • Vacuoles • Centrioles • Chromatids

Understand and explain the process of Mitosis

• Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

Understand and explain the process of Meiosis

• Describe briefly how the process of Meiosis takes place to include gamates and chromosomes X&Y

Understand and explain the term Histology

• Define Histology

Understand and explain the structure and function of the main types of tissue in the body

• Hyaline Cartilage • Blood • Lymph

QCA Qualification Accreditation Number: 100/2412/8

Learning outcome

Underpinning knowledge

Understand and explain the structure and function of blood and its components

• Arteries • Arterioles • Veins • Venules • Capillaries

Understand and explain the position of the main arteries and veins of the body

• Left Basilic • Right Cephalic • Left Cephalic • Right Subclavian • Long Saphenous • Left Short Saphenous • Right Short Saphenous • Dorsal Venous Arch • Left Femoral • Right Femoral • Left Popliteal • Right Popliteal • Right Posterior Tibial • Left Posterior Tibial • Right Anterior Tibial • Left Anterior Tibial

Understand and explain the structure and function of the various parts of the heart and of the vessels entering and leaving the heart

• Myocardium • Pericardium

Understand and explain the pulmonary circulation

• Whether the blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated • Process of gaseous exchange

Understand and explain the systemic circulation

• Describe the Coronary circulation

Understand and explain blood pressure

• Define blood pressure • Factors which produce, maintain and effect blood pressure

Understand and explain the conditions of high and low blood pressure

• Causes and effects of hypo and hyper tension • Way in which blood pressure is measured • Way in which blood pressure can be affected by massage

Understand and explain the diseases and disorders of the circulatory system

• Haemorrhoids • Phlebitis • Thrombus • Leukaemia • Hodgkin’s disease • Stress

Understand and explain the structure and functions of the Lymph

• Leucocytes • Lymphocytes • Waste products

Understand and explain the structure and function of the lymphatic system

• Lymphatic ducts • Describe the way in which Lymph is moved around the body

Understand and explain Lymphatic tissue

• Spleen • Lymph nodes • Tonsils

Understand and explain the position of the lymph nodes of the body

• Posterior Auricular • Occipital

Immune system

• Way in which blood becomes tissue fluid • Way in which excess tissue fluid is picked up by the lymphatic capillaries • Route which the lymph takes before it returns to the circulatory system

QCA Qualification Accreditation Number: 100/2412/8

Learning outcome

Underpinning knowledge

Students will be able to:

Understand and explain the structure and functions of the following parts of the nervous system:

• White matter • Grey matter • Myelin Sheath • End feet/axon terminals • Ganglia • Reflex arc

Understand and explain the structure and functions of the Central Nervous System (CNS), the Peripheral and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

• Sympathetic • Parasympathetic

Understand and explain the effect of stress on the nervous system

• Demonstrate the way in which stress affects the fear, fight, flight syndrome • Describe the way in which various parts of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems can be affected by stress and possible diseases and disorders caused by stress

Understand and explain the structure and function of the brain and spinal cord

• Cerebrospinal fluid

Understand and explain the position and function of the spinal and cranial nerves

• Accessory • Vagus

Understand and explain the causes and effects of diseases and disorders of the nervous system

• Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) • Motor Neurone • Cerebral Palsy • Multiple Sclerosis • Sciatica • Motor Neurone Disease

QCA Qualification Accreditation Number: 100/2412/8

Learning outcome

Underpinning knowledge

Students will be able to:

Understand and explain (with the aid of a diagram) the position of the main Endocrine glands, hormones secreted and the result of hypo and hyper secretion of each

• Testosterone

Understand and explain the effects of hormones on the body

• To include knowledge of the effects of specific hormones on the body at puberty, pregnancy, menopause and the menstrual cycle

Understand and explain the causes and effects of various endocrine diseases and disorders

• Stress • Diabetes Mellitus • Diabetes Insipidus

Understand and explain the interrelationship of the endocrine system with other systems

• Reproductive system • Skin

QCA Qualification Accreditation Number: 100/2412/8

Learning outcome

Underpinning knowledge

Students will be able to:

Understand and explain the structure of the respiratory system and the function of each organ

• Diaphragm • Intercostals

Understand and explain external respiration, i.e. the process and mechanism of breathing

• Inhalation and the organs involved • Expiration and the organs involved • Process of diffusion in the alveoli

Understand and explain internal respiration

• Describe the way in which exchange of gases takes place between the cells and the circulatory system

Understand and explain the chemical control of the respiration

• Position, function and role of the chemo-receptors

Understand and explain nervous control of respiration

• Role of the brain, i.e. the pons varolii and medulla oblongata in the process of respiration

Understand and explain the structure and function of the pulmonary circulation

• Pulmonary vein • Lungs • Pulmonary alveoli • Process of gaseous exchange

Understand and explain the causes and effects of diseases and disorders of the respiratory system

• Bronchitis • Emphysema • Pleurisy • Pneumonia • Tuberculosis • Asthma • Rhinitis • Hay fever • Stress • Sinusitis

Understand and explain the interrelationship of the respiratory system with other systems of the body

• Circulatory system • Nervous system • Muscular system

QCA Qualification Accreditation Number: 100/2412/8

Learning outcome

Underpinning knowledge

Students will be able to:

Understand and explain the structure and function of the organs and accessory organs of the digestive system

• Anus • Accessory organs • Liver • Gall bladder • Pancreas

Understand and explain the process by which food stuffs are broken down by the alimentary canal during the digestive process

• Action of pancreatic juice, i.e. trypsin, lipase, amylase on peptones, fats and polysaccharides • Action of bile on fat • Action of intestinal juice – maltase, sucrase, lactase on dissacharides

Understand and explain the process of absorption of nutrients

• Process of absorption of nutrients by the villi and lacteals contained in the small intestine

Understand and explain the function and where in the digestive system you would find the following:

• Carbohydrates • Dissacharides • Monosaccharides • Fats • Fatty acids

Understand and explain the causes of the following diseases and disorders of the Digestive system

• Anorexia Nervosa • Anorexia Bulimia • Constipation • Gall stones • Diabetes Mellitus • Diabetes Insipidus

Understand and explain the interrelationship of the digestive system with other systems of the body

• Circulatory • Endocrine • Lymphatic • Muscular • Nervous

QCA Qualification Accreditation Number: 100/2412/8

Learning outcome

Underpinning knowledge

Students will be able to:

Understand and explain the structure and function of the organs of the urinary system

• Urethra

Understand and explain the process of filtration.

• Secretion

Understand and explain the composition of urine

• 2% urea • 96% water • 2% other substances, e.g. ammonia, sodium, potassium, phosphates, chlorides, sulphates, and excess vitamins • Colour is formed from bilirubin (bile pigment)

Understand and explain the causes and effects of the disorders and diseases of the Urinary system

• Cystitis • Kidney stones • Nephritis • Glomemlonephritis (Pyelonephritis)

Understand and explain the interrelationship of the urinary system with other body systems

• Circulatory system • Endocrine system • Skeletal system

QCA Qualification Accreditation Number: 100/2412/8

Learning outcome

Underpinning knowledge

Students will be able to:

Understand and explain the structure and function of the male and female reproductive systems

• Prostate • Testes • Testicular vessels • Penis • Scrotum • Uterus • Fallopian tubes • Cervix • Ovary • Vagina • Labia

Understand and explain the menstrual cycle

• Formation of the Graafian follicle • Formation of the Corpus luteum

Understand and explain the structure and function of the breast

• Fatty tissue • Ducts • Nipple • Areolar • Lobules

Understand and explain the causes and effects of the diseases and disorders of the Reproductive system

• Ectopic pregnancy • Amenorrhoea • Dysmenorrhoea • Pre-menstrual syndrome • Polycystic ovarian syndrome • Cancer

QCA Qualification Accreditation Number: 100/2404/9

Unit 2.1 Holistic Massage Theory

Learning outcome

Underpinning knowledge

Understand and explain the Holistic Approach

• Greek term holos • Importance of the treatment of the whole person • The way in which our physical environment affects us, e.g. computers, processed food, lack of fresh air, stress, lack of sleep, financial problems, poor ventilation

Understand and explain the term integral biology

• Computers • Mobile phones • Processed food • Lack of fresh air • Stress • Lack of sleep • Financial problems • Poor ventilation

Understand and explain the appropriate legislation applicable to massage treatment

• Records which the practitioner is responsible for completing in relation to rights and responsibilities • Any relevant complaints systems and methods of access (when working in care)

Understand and explain the issues surrounding ‘consent’ to treatment

• Importance of obtaining consent from the client • Importance of gaining consent from a person who is acting in the best interests of the client (when the client is unable or not of an age to make the decision for themselves) • Current debate surrounding the issue of consent and the ways in which it may differ between various practitioners • Meaning of informed client consent and the guidance given by the practitioner’s professional body, particularly where there is a need for written consent • Methods of obtaining consent and how to confirm that clients have been given sufficient information on which to base their own judgement • Ensure that agreements are in the client’s best interests

Understand and explain the importance of massage for clients and families receiving palliative or social care

• Appropriate support • Using an appropriate manner of communication • Only giving information agreed within the care team • Know when to refer clients to people outside of the care team • Maintenance of accurate records • Managing ones own feelings • The importance of ongoing care • Personal beliefs and preferences • Grief and grieving process • Awareness of other support services

Understand and explain methods of consultation

• Obtain the client’s signature (or of the companion)

Recognise common ailments and contraindications to massage

• Cuts • Bruises • Abrasions • Scar tissues ( 2 years for major operation and 6 months for a small scar) • Sunburn • Areas of undiagnosed pain • Abdomen (first few days of menstruation depending how the client feels)

Understand and explain appropriate client care

• Checking consultation and contraindications • Explaining the treatment to the client • Helping the client onto the couch and protecting the client’s modesty at all times • Ensure that all parts of the client are covered except the area being massaged • Cleanse the feet with a medi-wipe or similar • Wash own hands • Keep ensuring that the client is comfortable • Use appropriate supports, i.e. under the ankles, chest and forehead, knees, head • Adapt the massage techniques to suit the needs of the client • Remove the massage medium at the end of the treatment • Help the client off the couch protecting their modesty at all times

Understand and explain the correct hygiene procedures

• Describe the best form of waste removal in the clinic (particularly when contaminated) • Reasons for good personal hygiene • Wash own hands • Wipe the client’s feet • Use clean towels for each client • Put couch roll on top of towels • Wear clean white professional work wear • Socks/tights and full flat shoes • Remove all jewellery (except wedding band) from self and client • No nail enamel • Clean short nails • Hair tied back off collar and face

Understand and explain the classical massage movements and their physiological and psychological effects

• Movements should be performed correctly and on areas appropriate for the movement • Movements should be adapted to produce a massage suitable for the client’s needs

Understand and explain the structures they are working over and their function

• To include all the body systems in the anatomy section

Understand and explain the history of the development of Swedish (classical) massage

• Present day

Understand and explain other complementary therapies and the ways in which they are performed

• Yoga/meditation • Acupuncture • Shiatsu • Bach Flower remedies • Kinesiology • Bowen Technique • Alexander Technique • Herbalism • Chiropractic • Iridology • Acupressure

Understand and explain the importance of referral procedures

• GP • Counsellor • Other Complementary Therapist • Member of the social care or nursing team

Understand and explain the importance of giving appropriate home care advice after treatment

• Reviewing their progress

Understand and explain how to deal with First Aid emergencies in the clinic (candidates are advised to take a St Johns Ambulance or Red Cross First Aid Certificate)

• Migraine • Dizziness • Recovery position • Knowing how to call for medical assistance • Describe the types of fire fighting equipment required in the clinic

Unit 2.2 Holistic Massage Practical

Understand, explain and demonstrate the Holistic Approach

• Greek term holos • Importance of the treatment of the whole person • The way in which our physical environment affects us, e.g. computers, processed food, lack of fresh air, stress, lack of sleep, financial problems, poor ventilation

Understand and explain the term integral biology

• The way in which our physical environment affects us and the way in which social, economic and environmental factors affect our health and social wellbeing, e.g. computers, mobile phones, processed food, lack of fresh air, stress, lack of sleep, financial problems, poor ventilation

Understand and explain the appropriate legislation applicable to massage treatment

• Records which the practitioner is responsible for completing in relation to rights and responsibilities • Any relevant complaints systems and methods of access (when working in care)

Understand explain and demonstrate methods of consultation

• Agreement to the course of action • Ascertain the client’s consent to the treatment (where the client is not in a position themselves ascertain from the appropriate companion’s agreement to the treatment) • Explanation of any possible side effects to the treatment • Explanation how the programme will be evaluated and the review process • Where applicable, clarify with the client information, which may be available to other, e.g. relevant health care workers • Obtain the client’s signature (or of the companion)

Demonstrate recognition of common ailments and contraindications to massage

• Cuts • Bruises • Abrasions • Scar tissues ( 2 years for major operation and 6 months for a small scar) • Sunburn • Areas of undiagnosed pain • Abdomen (first few days of menstruation depending how the client feels)

Understand explain and demonstrate appropriate client care

• Checking consultation and contraindications • Explaining the treatment to the client • Helping the client onto the couch and protecting the client’s modesty at all times • Ensure that all parts of the client are covered except the area being massaged • Cleanse the feet with a medi-wipe or similar • Wash own hands • Keep ensuring that the client is comfortable • Use appropriate supports, i.e. under the ankles, chest and forehead, knees, head • Adapt the massage techniques to suit the needs of the client • Remove the massage medium at the end of the treatment • Help the client off of the couch protecting their modesty at all times

Understand explain and demonstrate the correct hygiene procedures for massage treatment

• Ensure the massage medium is removed at the end of the treatment • Do not let the client walk around in bare feet • Ensure all surfaces are lined with couch roll • Wipe couch and trolley with surgical spirit or similar a the end of each day

Understand and select the appropriate medium for the treatment and client’s skin type

• Oil (not mineral oil) • Cream • Talc (unperfumed) • Effects and benefits of each should be known

Understand, explain and demonstrate the classical massage movements and their physiological and psychological effects

• Movements should be performed correctly and on areas appropriate for the movement • Movements should be adapted to produce a massage suitable for the client’s needs

Understand and explain the structures to be worked over and their function

• To include all the body systems in the anatomy section

Understand and explain the importance of referral procedures

• GP • Counsellor • Other Complementary Therapist • Member of the social care or nursing team

Evaluate and review the massage treatment/programme

• Longer term needs of the client (particularly when working in a care environment)

Understand and explain the importance of giving appropriate home care advice after treatment

• Healthy eating • Exercise • Stress levels • Generally helping clients and families to identify options to improve their health and social wellbeing in terms of massage treatment • Helping clients and families to put their choices into action • Reviewing their progress

Understand and explain how to deal with First Aid emergencies in the clinic (candidates are advised to take a St Johns Ambulance or Red Cross First Aid Certificate)

• Migraine • Dizziness • Recovery position • Knowing how to call for medical assistance • Describe the types of fire fighting equipment required in the clinic

ITEC Unit 2 Holistic Massage Case Studies

5 clients must be treated 4 times each for full body massage and outcomes recorded

• Overall conclusion of the case should be recorded